A Hybrid Microbial–Enzymatic Fuel Cell Cathode Overcomes Enzyme Inactivation Limits in Biological Fuel Cells

The construction of optimized biological fuel cells requires a cathode which combines the longevity microbial catalyst with current density an enzymatic catalyst. Laccase-secreting fungi were grown directly on cell to facilitate exchange inactive enzymes active enzymes, goal extending lifetime laccase cathodes. Directly incorporating laccase-producing fungus at extends operational cathodes while eliminating need for frequent replenishment electrolyte. hybrid microbial–enzymatic addresses issue enzyme inactivation by using natural ability laccases laccases. Finally, adsorption was increased through use functionally graded coating containing ratio titanium dioxide nanoparticles and single-walled carbon nanotubes. higher cells, demonstrates feasibility self-regenerating in are continuously exchanged